Journey Back in Time with Stunning Images from Ancient Cities

Delve into the annals of history and journey through time as we embark on an extraordinary expedition to explore the world's oldest cities. From the sun-soaked shores of Athens to the bustling streets of Damascus, these ancient metropolises have withstood the test of time, bearing witness to the rise and fall of empires, the echoes of legendary civilizations, and the ebb and flow of cultures. In this immersive exploration, we invite you to walk in the footsteps of ancient civilizations, uncovering their profound impact on shaping the world we live in today. Prepare to be enchanted by the age-old wonders and timeless tales that unfold in the world's oldest cities, bridging the past with the present and beckoning us to marvel at the inexhaustible treasures of time. Quebec City, Canada Pexels Québec City was first mapped after the 500-person Iroquois settlement known as Stadacona was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. Its fortified colonial core dates back to 1608. Today's Québec City is part of Canada's mostly French-speaking Québec province. The area of that first settlement is now home to the Citadelle of Québec, Château Frontenac Hotel, and streets lined with boutiques and bistros. Not only is it the oldest city in Canada, but the oldest French-speaking city in North or South America. Mangalia, Romania Pexels Situated along the southeastern coast of Romania, Mangalia is a captivating city that finds its roots in the ancient Greek settlement of Callatis. Established in the sixth century B.C. by Greek colonists from Heraclea Pontica, Callatis flourished in this picturesque location near the Black Sea. Over time, it witnessed the dominance of the Romans and later the First Bulgarian Empire. This image showcases the contemporary city of Mangalia, including a fascinating archaeological excavation of Callatis. This site stands as proof of the city's rich history, serving as one of the many historical treasures that Mangalia proudly boasts. Singapore Pexels The origins of Singapore are veiled in legends and myths, but its early history is believed to have commenced during the era of the Kingdom of Singapura. This Malay realm was established in 1299 and thrived for nearly a century until it was eventually succeeded by the Malacca Sultanate in 1398. In those ancient times, a settlement named Temasek occupied the ground where the modern city now stands, and it was later renamed Singapura during the 14th century. The map depicted above was sketched by a Portuguese cartographer in 1604, and it distinctly bears the name Singapura, attesting to the city's historical significance. In the early 19th century, Singapore came under the colonial rule of the British Empire, marking the beginning of its transformation into the vibrant city-state that stands today. Derbent, Russia Pexels Derbent, the southernmost city in Russia, holds the distinction of being the nation's oldest, with its roots stretching back to the eighth century B.C. Initially controlled by the First Persian Empire and later conquered by the Arabs in the seventh century, it endured multiple Russian invasions until its annexation from the Persian Empire in 1813 through the Treaty of Gulistan. Today, Derbent continues to exude its historical allure, preserving remarkable architectural treasures, including ancient fortifications built by the Persians. In 2003, the city's significance was globally acknowledged as several of its areas were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, cementing its place as a living testament to a rich and enduring past. Bagan, Myanmar Pexels Despite the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom, Bagan endured as a thriving settlement and retained its significance as a revered pilgrimage site. The city's enduring allure persisted, attracting both local and international pilgrims. Over the years, Bagan has experienced numerous earthquakes that have caused some damage to its historical structures and the surrounding areas. Nevertheless, Bagan remains a top destination for tourists visiting Myanmar, drawing them in with its mesmerizing historical treasures and captivating cultural heritage. Seoul, South Korea Pexels Seoul, in addition to its role as the contemporary capital of South Korea, holds a profound historical significance as it served as the capital for several states on the Korean Peninsula throughout time. Notably, it was the capital of the Kingdom of Baekje, the renowned Joseon Dynasty, and the Korean Empire. The captivating image below showcases Gyeongbok Palace, once the majestic royal residence during the Joseon Dynasty. In 1897, the city embraced its modern name, having been previously known as Hwangseong. Following the Korean War, Seoul experienced a remarkable surge in its economy and population, propelling it into a leading global city. At present, it boasts the world's fourth-largest metropolitan economy and stands proudly as the ninth most visited city in the world, attracting countless visitors to explore its rich history and vibrant culture. Santiago, Chile Pexels Santiago, Chile's illustrious history dates back to the 10th millennium B.C. when groups of humans are believed to have first inhabited the area. However, it was not until February 12, 1541, that the city of Santiago was officially founded by Pedro de Valdivia, a renowned Spanish conquistador. Over the centuries, Santiago has continued to thrive, making it the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in Chile established by Europeans. In the present day, this storied city serves as the capital of Chile, standing as the nation's largest urban center and the seventh-largest city in the Americas. Its rich historical heritage and vibrant modern culture make Santiago an exceptional destination for exploration and admiration. Genoa, Italy Pexels The area encompassing the city of Genoa has a rich history of human habitation. Its history dates back to approximately the fifth century B.C. The land was settled by a diverse mix of Greek, Etruscan, and Ligurian people, hailing from the northwestern region of Italy known as Liguria. Among these inhabitants, the Ligurians established a city on this site, forging a strategic alliance with Rome. Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, Genoa gradually asserted its independence, evolving into a prominent city-state by the 16th century. During this time, it thrived as a vibrant center for many celebrated artists and intellectuals. Centuries later, after World War II, Genoa played a vital role in Italy's economic resurgence, becoming a bustling hub for commerce and industry. Today, this charming coastal city has transformed into a beloved tourist destination, drawing both domestic and international travelers to its blend of history, culture, and scenic beauty. Damascus, Syria Damascus, known as the "City of Jasmine," has a venerable history dating back to the third millennium B.C., making it one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. Ancient Egyptian writings from 1350 B.C. and references in the Hebrew Book of Genesis further underscore its significance. Throughout the ages, Damascus experienced the conquest of Alexander the Great, the influence of the Roman Empire, and the rule of the Ottoman Empire until World War I. Today, it stands proudly as Syria's capital and largest city, offering visitors a captivating blend of historical treasures and contemporary charm. Bratislava, Slovakia Nestled along the picturesque banks of the River Danube, Bratislava can trace its roots back to approximately 5000 B.C. Fascinatingly, over four millennia later, around 200 B.C., a Celtic tribe established the region's first fortified settlement, complete with a mint that produced silver coins. Through the ages, the area witnessed the arrival of various civilizations, including the Romans and Slavic tribes. Notably, from 1536 to 1783, Bratislava served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, bearing witness to an illustrious era. However, in the aftermath of World War II, the city fell under Soviet control and became part of the Eastern Bloc. Remarkably, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Bratislava found itself elevated as the capital of the newly-formed Republic of Slovakia, embracing a new chapter in its vibrant history. Lagos, Nigeria Pexels Presently standing as the largest city in Nigeria and the entire African continent, Lagos has an intriguing history that traces back to its origins as the home of the Awori, a tribe within the Yoruba people. Subsequently, the Kingdom of Benin conquered their settlement, repurposing it as a strategic war camp. During the Age of Exploration, Portuguese adventurers arrived on its shores and bestowed the name Lagos, signifying "lakes" in their language. Soon after, the British annexed Lagos in 1861, and later, in 1887, the rest of the Benin Empire. The image above, captured in 1929 when Nigeria was still under British protection, reflects the city's evolving heritage. While Lagos remained Nigeria's capital until 1991, when Abuja took its place, it continues to thrive and is the fourth-largest economy in Africa. Jaffa, Israel Pexels Famous worldwide for its significant presence in Biblical narratives involving Jonah, King Solomon, and Saint Peter, as well as the Greek legend of Perseus and Andromeda, Jaffa is an ancient port city steeped in history. Archaeological evidence suggests that Jaffa's origins trace back to 7500 B.C., making it one of the oldest inhabited cities on record. Throughout the ages, Jaffa has witnessed the rise and fall of various civilizations, including the Babylonians, Phoenicians, Arabs, and soldiers of the First Crusade. In the 1800s, the city gained prominence for its thriving soap industry, and by the late 19th century, modern industries began to emerge. Embracing its cultural legacy, Jaffa has transformed into a captivating tourist attraction and a vibrant hub for artists, with numerous galleries enriching the charm of the Old City, particularly since the 1990s. Cumaná, Venezuela Pexels Cumaná, the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in South America, was founded by Franciscan friars in 1515. Once the capital of New Andalusia, a significant province within the Spanish Empire, Cumaná thrived in its early days. However, the city faced numerous devastating earthquakes, resulting in the near disappearance of the original 16th-century architecture. Yet, a testament to its enduring spirit, many structures from the 17th and 18th centuries have managed to stand the test of time. Among them is the iconic Castillo de San Antonio de la Eminencia, a fortress built by the Spanish in 1659, which, despite being partially destroyed by an earthquake, stands today as a fantastic tourist attraction, captivating visitors with its historical significance and resilience. Jakarta, Indonesia Pexels Contrary to common belief, Jakarta's roots date back much further than the 16th century. It was inhabited since the year 397 A.D., when King Purnawarman established Sunda Pura as the capital of the Kingdom of Tarumanagara, locating it close to present-day Jakarta. Centuries later, the Dutch established the city of Batavia in 1619, which served as the capital of the Dutch East Indies. Following Indonesia's independence in 1949, Batavia was officially renamed Jakarta, becoming the vibrant capital of the newly sovereign nation. Tangier, Morocco Pexels Tangier, with its roots tracing back to an 800 B.C. Phoenician colony bears a rich historical tapestry. A pivotal port of the Carthaginian Empire in the fifth century B.C., it was known as "Tingis" to the Greeks before coming under Roman control and becoming a colony under Emperor Claudius. Subsequently influenced by the Portuguese and English, Tangier transformed into an international zone in 1923, jointly governed by Spain, France, and Great Britain, as captured in the photograph from 1932. Maintaining this status through the Francoist Spain occupation, Tangier eventually returned to Morocco in 1956. St. Augustine, United States Pexels Nestled in the southeastern United States, St. Augustine, Florida, was established in 1565 by Spanish explorers, earning its name from the feast day of St. Augustine, which marked their first sighting of Florida's land. Holding the title of Spanish Florida's capital for over two centuries, St. Augustine played a vital role in the region. After Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, the city served as the capital of the Florida Territory until it was later moved to Tallahassee. The photograph, taken outside the city gates between 1861 and 1865, reflects a significant period when Florida was part of the Confederacy during the Civil War. In 1862, Union forces took control of St. Augustine and maintained their presence in the city throughout the rest of the war. Dhaka, Bangladesh Pexels The roots of Dhaka, now a bustling city, extend back to ancient times with settlements dating as far back as the seventh century A.D. From the eighth to the 16th centuries, the region saw the rule of Hindu dynasties and a succession of Turkic and Afghan governors. Later, during the reign of Emperor Akbar, the Mughal Empire took control of the area before it eventually passed into British hands. The photograph from 1904 depicts Dhaka under British rule, following the British East India Company's takeover in 1858. In 1947, Dhaka became part of the new Dominion of Pakistan and served as the capital of the province of East Bengal. Finally, in 1971, Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation, and Dhaka was declared its capital. Belgrade, Serbia Pexels The city of Belgrade has a history that traces back to ancient times, with evidence of human habitation dating as far back as 7000 B.C. During the 6th millennium B.C., the prehistoric Vinča culture thrived in the area, followed by the Dacians and the Celts, who renamed the city Singidūn. The city's history was influenced by various empires, including the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Hapsburg Empire. By 1841, Belgrade had already been established as the capital of Serbia. The photograph above, taken in 1934, captures the city during a period of rapid growth and modernization. After World War II, Belgrade assumed the role of the capital of Yugoslavia and emerged as a significant industrial center. Today, the city has witnessed the emergence of a flourishing tourist industry, becoming renowned for its vibrant nightlife and colorful cultural experiences. Luang Prabang, Laos Pexels Luang Prabang's history is steeped in ancient tales, with the earliest recorded mention dating back to 698 A.D. when the city faced an invasion by Khun Lo, a Tai prince, leading to its renaming as Muang Sua. In 1353, Luang Prabang ascended to the esteemed status of being the capital of the new Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang, which would go on to dominate Southeast Asia for over three centuries. However, the city endured tumultuous periods during World War II and the Laotian Civil War. In contemporary times, Luang Prabang has gracefully evolved into a growing tourist attraction, celebrated for its awe-inspiring natural beauty and captivating historical sites. Among the city's most cherished landmarks are the Royal Palace and Wat Xieng Thong, whose Lao name translates to "Temple of the Golden City." Athens, Greece Pexels Athens, the oldest capital city in Europe, holds a storied past dating back to the fourth millennium B.C. As early as the first millennium B.C., it emerged as the preeminent city in Ancient Greece, flourishing in the realms of art, philosophy, and culture. Though experiencing periods of decline during the Middle Ages, Athens rebounded and remained prosperous until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1458. However, the city's resilience prevailed, and in 1832, Greece achieved independence, establishing the Kingdom of Greece. Throughout history, Athens has maintained a place of international prestige, embodying the spirit of democracy and civilization. Its enduring allure extends into the 21st century, as it hosted the 2004 Olympic Games, celebrating both its ancient heritage and contemporary significance, solidifying Athens as an enduring symbol of human history and achievement. Sayram, Kazakhstan Pexels Nestled on the banks of the Sayram Su River in southern Kazakhstan, Sayram stands as one of the nation's oldest cities. It holds a significant place in Kazakhstan's cultural heritage, with the oldest mosque in the country residing within its walls, a testament to the longstanding presence of Islam in the region. The photograph from the mid-19th century captures Sayram shortly after the Russian conquest, though the city managed to preserve its Muslim legacy even during the later Soviet rule, steadfastly retaining its unique architectural style. In 1999, Sayram commemorated 3,000 years as a continuously habitated city. Santiago del Estero, Argentina Pexels Founded by Spanish settlers in 1553, Santiago del Estero proudly holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously inhabited city in Argentina, earning the revered title of the "Mother of Cities" within the nation. Remarkably, among the diverse languages spoken in this historic city is Quechua, an indigenous language with deep ties to the Inca Empire. This unique linguistic connection makes Santiago del Estero the southernmost city in the world where the language of the Incas is still spoken today. Lahore, Pakistan Pexels The history of Lahore, though shrouded in some uncertainty, comes to light with the first recorded mention dating back to 982 A.D. Over the centuries, this ancient city has witnessed the rule of various civilizations, including the Muslims, Sikhs, and British. Captured in the 1890s, the photograph shows Lahore as part of the Punjab province in British India. However, with the dawn of independence in 1947, Lahore was designated as the capital of the newly formed Punjab province in Pakistan. Today, Lahore has evolved into a vibrant center for fashion and film in Pakistan, earning the moniker "Lollywood," capturing the spirit of a city that embraces both its rich historical past and its contemporary cultural dynamism. Zurich, Switzerland Pexels The history of Zurich is deeply rooted, with the earliest settlements tracing back to the Neolithic era. In 15 B.C., the Roman settlement of Turicum laid the foundation for what would eventually evolve into the city of Zurich. The 16th century marked a pivotal period for Zurich, with its significant role in the Protestant Reformation under the influence of Huldrych Zwingli. Despite facing accidental bombings during World War II, Switzerland, including Zurich, maintained a steadfast stance of neutrality throughout both World Wars. Presently, Zurich stands as one of the world's largest financial centers, basking in its reputation as one of the best cities to live in. Pyongyang, North Korea Pexels Pyongyang, the capital and largest city of North Korea, boasts a rich historical legacy as one of the oldest cities on the Korean Peninsula. Its origins date back to 194 B.C. when it was established as the capital of Gojoseon. Throughout history, it served as the capital of different Korean kingdoms, witnessing various periods of growth and destruction. The devastation during the First Sino-Japanese War led to its reconstruction under Japanese occupation. Subsequently, after the destruction caused by the Korean War, Pyongyang underwent a major rebuilding effort with the aid of the Soviet Union. In 1972, the city was officially declared the capital of North Korea, retaining its status to this day as a significant political and cultural center in the nation. Asunción, Paraguay Pexels In 1537, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salazar de Espinosa's quest to locate Juan de Ayolas led him to the left bank of the Paraguay River, where he established a fort during the resupplying of his ships. This fort eventually evolved into the city of Asunción. When Paraguay gained independence from Spanish rule in 1811, Asunción was proclaimed as the nation's capital. The photograph showcases the Palacio de Los López, completed in 1867, serving as the seat of the President of Paraguay. Luxor, Egypt Pexels Luxor, formerly known as the ancient city of Thebes, holds an awe-inspiring history that dates back to around 3200 B.C. As the capital of Upper Egypt during the New Kingdom, Thebes flourished as a prominent center for religion and spirituality. Its renown as a spiritual hub extended far beyond Egypt, captivating even Christian monks from the Roman Empire. Today, Luxor's historical landmarks stand as a testament to its glorious past, fueling a thriving tourist industry that attracts countless visitors from across the globe. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Pexels Bandar Seri Begawan, the oldest city on the island of Borneo and the capital of Brunei has a history dating back to around 977 A.D. Formerly part of the Bruneian Empire from the 15th to the 17th century, the city witnessed significant historical developments. Following Brunei's independence from the British in 1984, Bandar Seri Begawan earned its position as the nation's capital. The city is a treasure trove of mosques and historical monuments, notably including the Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, pictured above, a symbol of Brunei's rich cultural heritage and spiritual legacy. Lisbon, Portugal Pexels Lisbon, the second-oldest capital city in Europe, has a history shrouded in myths and legends, with early beliefs attributing its foundation to the mythical king Odysseus. The region where Lisbon now stands was initially settled by the Celts, but the city itself was established by the Phoenicians around 1200 B.C., leaving behind archaeological evidence like the remnants depicted in the image. Known as Ulissipo, the city witnessed a series of conquests by the Greeks, Carthaginians, and Romans, who renamed it Olissipo. A multitude of invaders followed after the decline of the Roman Empire until Lisbon eventually became the capital of the new Portuguese territory in 1255. As the cultural heart of Portugal, Lisbon boasts a rich heritage and a wealth of attractions, including one of the world's largest art collections, captivating visitors with its storied past and vibrant cultural offerings. Zadar, Croatia Pexels Zadar, the oldest city in Croatia, traces its origins back to approximately 1000 B.C. when the Liburnians, an Illyrian tribe, settled along the Adriatic coast. By the 7th century B.C., Zadar flourished as a significant trading hub. Throughout history, the city experienced the influence of various powers, including the Roman Empire and invasions during the Crusades, as evidenced by the remains of the Roman forum captured in the image below. In more recent times, Zadar became part of the Socialist Republic of Croatia after World War II and later faced the challenges of the Croatian War of Independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Presently, Zadar has emerged as a major tourist destination, earning its reputation as the "entertainment center of the Adriatic." Nicosia, Cyprus Pexels Nicosia, Cyprus, boasts a fascinating history spanning back to the dawn of the Bronze Age around 2500 B.C., marking millennia of human habitation in the area. Among the 12 ancient kingdoms of Cyprus, the city-state of Ledra emerged as a significant settlement. The year 1878 marked a pivotal moment when Cyprus became a British colony, under the British crown's administration, altering the course of the island's history. Eventually, in 1960, Cyprus gained independence, establishing the modern nation with Nicosia as its capital. However, the city's story took a complex turn, with the northern part falling under the control of Northern Cyprus, a state recognized solely by Turkey, while the southern part remained governed by the Republic of Cyprus. Osaka, Japan Pexels Archaeological evidence reveals that Osaka's history dates back to the 6th or 5th century B.C. when humans began inhabiting the area. Gradually, it evolved into a significant port city, and in 645 A.D., Emperor Kōtoku designated Osaka as the new capital of Japan, solidifying its prominence in the nation's history. The iconic Osaka Castle, depicted in the image above, holds a pivotal role in Japanese history, particularly during the 16th century. Today, Osaka has transformed into a major financial hub for Japan, housing headquarters of renowned companies such as Sharp, S.N.K., and Panasonic, showcasing its modern economic prowess. Plovdiv, Bulgaria Pexels Plovdiv, one of Bulgaria's largest cities, has a history that stretches back to Neolithic times. Throughout much of its recorded past, the city bore the name Philippopolis in honor of King Philip II of Macedon. Following its liberation from the Ottoman Empire, Plovdiv emerged as its new identity, a name mentioned in historical records from the 11th century. The city proudly preserves remnants of its Roman occupation through its remarkable architectural heritage. Today, Plovdiv has become a significant cultural cornerstone of modern Europe, captivating visitors with its blend of ancient history and vibrant contemporary culture. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Fortaleza Ozam Pexels Santo Domingo, the first European settlement in the Americas, bears a rich history, founded by Spanish explorers in 1496. It proudly boasts the distinction of hosting the first university, fortress, monastery, castle, and cathedral in the "New World." The remarkable Fortaleza Ozama, depicted in the image, stands as a testament to its storied past. The city's name pays homage to Saint Dominic, the Catholic priest who founded the Dominican Order. Today, Santo Domingo serves as the thriving capital of the Dominican Republic, embracing its role as the nation's largest city and principal seaport. Istanbul, Turkey Pexels Istanbul, with a history dating back to 660 B.C., began as the Greek city of Byzantium. Despite its later conquest by the Romans and its renaming as Constantinople after Emperor Constantine, Greek remained the predominant language. However, the linguistic landscape shifted with the Ottoman Empire's conquest in 1453, when Turkish became the city's primary language. The name Istanbul had been in use among Greeks since the 11th century and was officially adopted as the city's name in 1930. Istanbul's tumultuous past of multiple conquests resulted in a unique blend of Ottoman, Byzantine, and modern architectural styles, complemented by the presence of an Egyptian obelisk originating from Luxor. Among its celebrated landmarks, the magnificent Hagia Sophia, pictured here, stands as an emblem of the city's diverse cultural heritage, having served as a cathedral, museum, and now a mosque. Beirut, Lebanon Pexels Beirut, situated on the Mediterranean coast near the Lebanon Mountains, boasts a history that spans over 5,000 years, making it one of the oldest settlements in the world. Its earliest mention dates back to the 15th century B.C. in Egyptian diplomatic records, showing its ancient significance. Throughout the centuries, Lebanon experienced conquests by both the Romans and the Ottomans, leaving behind remnants of Roman structures, like the bath depicted in the image here. After Lebanon gained independence in 1943, Beirut was established as the capital city and evolved into a beloved tourist destination. Delhi, India Pexels Delhi, with a history of continuous habitation since at least the 6th century B.C., stands as a city steeped in rich historical significance. Throughout its long journey, Delhi served as the capital of various empires and kingdoms, such as the Delhi Sultanate and the illustrious Mughal Empire. Its colonial past under British rule has left a lasting legacy of remarkable Victorian architecture alongside the diverse array of classical and modern styles that grace the cityscape. Within Delhi lies New Delhi, the capital of India, situated within the larger region known as the National Capital Territory. Marseille, France Pexels Marseille, in its modern iteration, traces its origins back to the Greek colony of Massalia, established around 600 B.C., marking an ancient heritage that still echoes through its streets. Under Roman rule, the city flourished, becoming a hub for maritime trade and an important center for Christianity. The remnants of its ancient port, captured in the photograph below, bear witness to its storied past. Notably, Marseille played a pivotal role in the French Revolution, where the French national anthem was first sung, cementing its significance in France's history. Although Marseille endured substantial damage during World War II, the city's resilience has seen it thrive once more, attracting immigrants from former French colonies and fostering a diverse cultural tapestry. Today, Marseille stands as a vibrant metropolis, celebrated for its blend of ancient and contemporary charms, making it a compelling destination that captivates visitors from near and far. Quito, Ecuador Pexels Quito, the capital and largest city of Ecuador, boasts a unique distinction with one of the highest elevations among capital cities worldwide. Situated closest to the equator, the city's climate reflects this geographical proximity. Its name finds roots in the indigenous Quitu culture, which settled the region around 2000 B.C. The Quitu were later subdued by the Inca, only to be eventually conquered by the Spanish. On March 28, 1541, Quito was officially declared a city under Spanish rule, marking a significant milestone in its history. Hanoi, Vietnam Pexels Hanoi's history is steeped in ancient roots, with evidence of human habitation dating back to 3000 B.C. However, its significant historical journey began with the establishment of the capital of the Âu Lac Kingdom. Subsequently, Nanyue, an ancient Chinese kingdom, took over Âu Lac, resulting in over a millennium of Chinese rule. The city's story took a new turn when it became the capital of French Indochina in 1902, as captured in the image above, a status it held until the capital was shifted to Saigon in 1945. Following the formation of North Vietnam in 1954, Hanoi once again became the capital, maintaining its position even after the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976.

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